Friday, August 19, 2016

Application Progress of Recent Advances in Some Copper Catalyzed Coupling Reactions

Author(s):

Sunil U. Tekale, Vivekanand B. Jadhav, Vijay P. Pagore, Sushma S. Kauthale, Digambar D. Gaikwad and Rajendra P. PawarPages 281-301 (21)

Abstract:


Different cross-coupling reactions for the formation of biologically important motifs and intermediates in organic synthesis using various suitable copper catalysts are reviewed. These include C-C, C-N, C-O, C-S heteroatom bond forming, cyclization and other miscellaneous reactions catalyzed by elemental copper, copper salts, CuI, Cu (OTf)2, CuBr, Cu2O etc. The use of copper reagents instead of palladium catalysts and ligands seems to be advantageous from the commercial point of view. The methods described herein afford the products in excellent yield without using expensive and moisture/air sensitive palladium catalysts, ligands and reagents.

Keywords:

Copper catalysts, Cross coupling reactions, Ligands.

Affiliation:

Department of Chemistry, Shri Muktanand College, Gangapur - 431 109 (MS) India.


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Morphine as a Potential Oxidative Stress-Causing Agent

Author(s):

Jitka Skrabalova, Zdenka Drastichova and Jiri NovotnyPages 367-372 (6)

Abstract:


Morphine exhibits important pharmacological effects for which it has been used in medical practice for quite a long time. However, it has a high addictive potential and can be abused. Long-term use of this drug can be connected with some pathological consequences including neurotoxicity and neuronal dysfunction, hepatotoxicity, kidney dysfunction, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Therefore, most studies examining the impact of morphine have been aimed at determining the effects induced by chronic morphine exposure in the brain, liver, cardiovascular system and macrophages. It appears that different tissues may respond to morphine diversely and are distinctly susceptible to oxidative stress and subsequent oxidative damage of biomolecules. Importantly, production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species induced by morphine, which have been observed under different experimental conditions, can contribute to some pathological processes, degenerative diseases and organ dysfunctions occurring in morphine abusers or morphine-treated patients. This review attempts to provide insights into the possible relationship between morphine actions and oxidative stress.

Keywords:

Morphine, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.

Affiliation:

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles, University, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.


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Molecularly Imprinted Polymers’ Applications: A Short Review

Author(s):

Paulina Szatkowska, Marcin Koba, Piotr Koslinski and Michal SzablewskiPages 400-408 (9)

Abstract:


Linus Pauling has assumed that certain molecules such as functional monomers make self-organized structures around another particle called a molecular template or stamp. Although this theory has proved to be wrong in terms suggested by Pauling, it became the basis for the synthesis of entirely new materials named molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) which entered with great dynamics in the world of science in the early 90s of the last century and gradually gaining more and more popularity. These materials are created by using molecular imprinting techniques, providing selective binding property of the spaces within the polymer molecule of a substance used as a “molecular stamp”. The versatility of the process of synthesizing certain molecules on these materials (which can be drugs, pesticides, carbohydrates, nucleotides, proteins) according to simple modification properties obtained a matrix, by selecting the appropriate functional monomer and process conditions. These fillers provide very selective recognition and differentiation of the enantiomers which are particularly useful in medicinal chemistry. For that reason, they find application in almost every area of life, where the chemical analysis is required. MIPs, due to their compatibility to highly complex matrices, are often used for pharmaceutical and biological estimations. In environmental analysis, MIPs are utilized to detect trace amounts of substances, while used in bromatological and toxicological studies as a useful tool in monitoring norms of dangerous and undesirable chemicals. Hence, the article is a review of the current considerations on the preparation and application of MIPs as well as molecularly imprinted membranes (MIM).

Keywords:

Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), Molecularly Imprinted Membrane (MIM), pharmaceutical analysis, toxicological analysis.

Affiliation:

Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.


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Cycloaddition Reactions of Some Tricyclic Imides

Author(s):

Irem Kulu, Melek Gul, Omer Tahir Gunkara and Nuket OcalPages 409-418 (10)

Abstract:


Our research group has published numerous papers over the last three years on the reaction of nitrile oxides and azomethine ylide with unsaturated tricyclic N-substituted dicarboximides selected according to the importance of possible biological activities. These reactions cover full range of mechanistic pathways and timings of bond-forming processes to give five-membered ring closure by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.

Keywords:

Azomethine ylide, biological active molecules, 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition, hydrazones, isoxazolines, nitrile oxides, tricyclic imides.

Affiliation:

Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Davutpasa Campus, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey.


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M13 Bacteriophage-Based Self-Assembly Structures and Their Functional Capabilities

Author(s):

Jong-Sik Moon, Won-Geun Kim, Chuntae Kim, Geun-Tae Park, Jeong Heo, So Y. Yoo and Jin-Woo OhPages 271-281 (11)

Abstract:


Controlling the assembly of basic structural building blocks in a systematic and orderly fashion is an emerging issue in various areas of science and engineering such as physics, chemistry, material science, biological engineering, and electrical engineering. The self-assembly technique, among many other kinds of ordering techniques, has several unique advantages and the M13 bacteriophage can be utilized as part of this technique. The M13 bacteriophage (Phage) can easily be modified genetically and chemically to demonstrate specific functions. This allows for its use as a template to determine the homogeneous distribution and percolated network structures of inorganic nanostructures under ambient conditions. Inexpensive and environmentally friendly synthesis can be achieved by using the M13 bacteriophage as a novel functional building block. Here, we discuss recent advances in the application of M13 bacteriophage self-assembly structures and the future of this technology.

Keywords:

Biocompatibility, genetic engineering, M-13 bacteriophage, self-assembly.

Affiliation:

Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea; and BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735.

Graphical Abstract:



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